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Cold War: Cold War Era
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During the Cold War Era of the 1960s, Russian researchers were looking for ways to support the immune system in conditions running the gamut from cancer to bio-warfare agents. Eastern Europeans, with a cultural love of fermented milk products, logically looked to probiotics, or lactobacillus, for immune support because it was safe, cheap and effective.
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The F-22 uses stealth technology to carry out the Cold War mission for which it was designed — attacking advanced enemy fighters. But that mission was redundant before it entered service in 2005 and it is coming on line an era when the enemy is low-tech insurgents.
The intended audience for this publication comprises graduate students and other researchers new to the field of Cold War history who may be unfamiliar with NARA records relating to the era. Descriptive entries focus on selected accessioned records housed in NARA's Washington, DC, archival facilities as of May 1, 1998, with an overview of other significant documentation held by individual Presidential libraries and the Nixon Presidential Materials Staff of NARA's Presidential Library System. The paper does not describe specific holdings of NARA's regional archives repositories; ... researchers should understand that these facilities may house relevant material, such as records of Cold War activities that took place at military installations within US borders. In addition, coverage of this paper generally does not extend beyond those accessioned records over which NARA had achieved adequate intellectual control as of May 1, 1998.
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That same year, journalist Walter Lippmann popularized the term “Cold War” in a book of the same name. In Congress there was a series of highly publicized inquiries into pro-Communist activity in the United States. The best-known investigator, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, gave his name to an era of intense anti-Communism; and though the feverish “witch-hunts” of McCarthyism were not repeated after 1954, suspicion and surveillance of Communist parties in Western democracies became an abiding feature of the Cold War. In 1948 the United States launched the $13-billion European Recovery Program (the Marshall Plan) to rebuild Western and Central Europe. Stalin responded by installing tractable Communist governments throughout Eastern Europe. In 1948 the Soviet Union blockaded the western sectors of Berlin—placed under joint Allied administration at the end of World War II.
The Federal Government quickly comprehended the role of media as a tool in the Cold War. Systematic exploitation of radio, television, motion picture, photographic, journalistic, and computer software resources began early in that era but achieved coherent direction in 1953 with the establishment of the United States Information Agency (USIA). Since then, the USIA has supported American foreign policymakers through programs of information gathering, analysis, and dissemination. During the Cold War, the USIA utilized various media to promote US interests and foster a favorable American image abroad, while simultaneously trying to counter the effects of Communist propaganda on foreign populations.
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