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Christopher Tolkien: Middle English
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In Morgoth’s Ring, Tolkien attempts to come to grips with the problem of evil and punts. He gropes for a credible motivation for Sauron and his master Morgoth’s rejection of goodness. He ... attempts to explain why the Valar, the guardian angels of Middle-earth, are so inept. The Valar constantly meddle in Elvish affairs for the worst and absent themselves when divine intervention is really needed. They also play favorites. The great hero, Turin, gets no divine help in dealing with Morgoth’s curse, while Frodo Baggins is constantly being rescued by the Vala, Elbereth/Varda, the Queen of the Stars.
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One day quite exactly a hundred years ago, early teenage Tolkien was baffled to hear a couple of other kids communicating in Animalic. This was a primitive play-language that mainly consisted of English words for animals. The inventors of Animalic did not attempt to keep it a secret, and young Tolkien soon learnt some of it. In his essay A Secret Vice (published in The Monsters and the Critics p. 198-219) he gives one example of Animalic: Dog nightingale woodpecker forty, which translates as "you are an ass". (By all means: "ass" here means donkey and nothing else. In Animalic, forty meant donkey, while donkey, of course, meant forty...)
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Christopher is the English version of a Europe-wide name derived from the Ancient Greek Χριστόφορος (Khristóphoros). The name means “Christ-bearer”, or more literally “Bearer of the anointed one”. The constituent parts are χρίστος ([K]hrístos) "anointed one" and φέρειν (phérein) "to carry". The name originates in the Christian legend of St Christopher.
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Most of Tolkien's paternal ancestors were craftsmen. The Tolkien family had its roots in the German Kingdom of Saxony, but had been living in England since the 18th century, becoming "quickly and intensely English". The surname
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The Homecoming of Beorthnoth Beorthelm's Son, by J. R. R. Tolkien, in Essays and Studies by members of the English Association, New Series Volume VI, 1953, pp. 1-18 (London, John Murray), but see the Tolkien Reader (below). No linguistic material. Abbreviated: HBBS.
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