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Chinese (In Translation)
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[One] intriguing fact about Chinese alchemy is the attached importance to the number 5. There were five elements: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water, five zones of space; five directions: north, south, east, west, and centre; five colors: yellow, blue, red, white, and black; and the five stones from which man was first taught to extract copper. In the Chinese alchemical theory the five elements, directions, and colors were associated with one another and to the five metals gold, silver, lead, copper, and iron; ... earth was connected to the color yellow, the direction centre, and the metal gold. The other linked groupings were wood, blue, east, and lead; fire, red, south, and copper; metal, white, west, and silver; and water, black, north, and iron. A further connection was between these groupings and the five planets: water corresponding to Mercury, fire to Mars, wood to Jupiter, metal to Venus, earth to Saturn. These equations foreshadow future supposed correspondences.
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Contrary to the popular belief that the Chinese are ascetic and conservative sexually, the people of ancient China were fond of making love. Early historical records from the Autumn and Spring period--722 B. C. E. to 481 B. C. E.--show how candid the rulers were about sexuality. One empress even publicly compared the national military strategy to the love-making techniques practiced by her and the emperor. For many males in China, sexual freedom prevailed even as late as the 1950s, when polygamy was declared illegal. As late as the 1930s, it was quite ordinary for a man to have concubines (including male concubines) as well as a wife.
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Non-Chinese studies of Asian descent populations were available for eight topics. In seven of the eight cases, the estimated genetic effect size was stronger in these Asian-descent studies than in the non-Chinese non-Asian descent studies (Table 3). The difference was beyond chance in two topics (the associations of MTHFR C677T polymorphism with coronary heart disease [ID10], and of GSTM1 gene deletion with lung cancer [ID12]). In topics for which several studies of different groups were available, the non-Chinese studies of Asian-descent populations seemed to have effect sizes somewhere between the effect sizes of Chinese studies and non-Asian studies (see Figure 1).
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The Chinese idea of transmuting cinnabar into gold appeared around the second century BCE. They, like all men in the pre-scientific age supposed all minerals matured in rocks gradually becoming more precious. The enrichment of cinnabar was thought to follow this progression: cinnabar to lead, lead to silver, and silver to gold. It never seemed unreasonable that this process could not be achieved in a laboratory. The Chinese method of transmutation differed from that of the West. They chiefly used boilings and fusions; they certainly knew about sublimation with which they made vermilion.
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The Chinese conception of sexuality is influenced by its aboriginal religions, especially Taoism and Confucianism. Later, Buddhism, which was introduced into China in the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.), and Christianity, which was introduced formally to the general public and literary circles during the Ming dynasty (1368 C.E.-1644 C.E.)... influenced Chinese attitudes toward sexuality and sexual morality.
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The sample size for Chinese studies was significantly smaller than for non-Chinese studies (p < 0.001 both by U test and topic-adjusted median regression; Figure 1). Although non-Chinese studies of non-Asian descent populations overall seemed to be larger than studies on non-Chinese studies of Asian descent populations (p < 0.001 by U test), the difference was lost after adjusting for topic (p = 0.72). Chinese studies indexed or not indexed in PubMed did not differ in sample size (p = 0.79 by U test, p = 0.55 by median regression; Figure 1).
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