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Charles V: Philip Ii
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While Charles delivered the first serious blow against Islam on the Mediterranean, Paul III, the successor of Clement VII, had summoned a general council. But new difficulties prevented both the assembling of the council and the continuation of the war against the Turks. When Charles returned home from Africa it was evident that he must again go to war with France. Francis I opposed the meeting of the council and... entered into relations both with the Turks and with the Smalkaldie League of German Protestant princes formed against Charles soon after the Diet of Augsburg, while, upon the death of the last Sforza Duke of Milan, he renewed his claim to that fief. Charles, eager to push the war against the Turks, as well as to restore the unity of Christendom, was ready to partly forego his strict rights both in the Milanese and Burgundy, and to consider the question of the balance of power between his house and that of Valois. Family alliances were proposed with this end in view.
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On 25 October 1555, in the golden hall of his Brussels palace, Charles abdicated his various positions. He was only 55 years old but he was burnt out from his administrative duties and gout. Supported by the young prince William of Orange, he told those present of his love for the Low Countries, about the many efforts he had undertaken during his reign and of the mistakes he had made. He asked for forgiveness and begged those present to be as loyal to his successor, his son Philip II, as they had always been to him. Charles spent the last years of his life in a Spanish monastery where he died in 1558.
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With the death of his father Philip the Handsome in late 1506, the very young Charles became titular ruler of the family's Burgundian territories, inherited through his grandmother Mary. In reality, the territories were under the rule of the appointed regent, his aunt, until 1515. Throughout his life, he expanded the Burgundian territories and strengthened their ties with the Holy Roman Empire.
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A third war erupted in 1535, when, following the death of the last Sforza Duke of Milan, Charles installed his own son, Philip, in the duchy, despite Francis's claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally the Duke of Savoy, including his capital, Turin. A truce at Nice in 1538 on the basis of
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Philip Ii