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Charles V: France
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Charles V settled in Germany and sought to become the leader of a universal empire. Through his reign he would face ongoing battles with France, resist the advance of the Ottoman Turks and for the sake of political expediency and inattention failed to check the Reformation.
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The war between Charles and Francis, in which Charles was allied with Henry VIII of England and the powerful Charles, Duke of Bourbon, proved disastrous to France. Francis was taken prisoner in 1525, when the French were defeated at Pavia (near Milan, Italy). In January 1526 he was forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid, relinquishing his claim to Italy and abandoning Burgundy. Soon after his release the following year, Francis renewed the struggle, now aided by Henry VIII and Pope Clement VII, who was anxious to rid Italy of the imperial armies. The pope was captured at Rome in 1527 and was kept captive for seven months. The war ended with the signing by Charles and Francis of the Peace of Cambrai in 1529.
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When war broke out again with England in 1369 over France's failure to abide by its treaty obligations, Charles followed du Guesclin's military advice, winning for the French so many victories that, by 1375, the settlement of 1360 was virtually nullified. In 1378, after learning of plots of the King of Navarre, Charles dispossessed him of all his French lands except Cherbourg. That December Charles made, unsuccessfully, his last attempt to deprive Duke John IV of Brittany. Charles's last political acts were primarily concerned with the rivalry between the two newly elected popes; his decision to support Clement VII made him chiefly responsible for the great schism of the papacy.
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Charles inherited this tradition, and saw himself as being in a divinely-ordained position to bring it about. It was a lifelong disappointment to him that Germany distracted him with heresy, France opposed him with armies, and the Vatican proved so weak and wayward that it was a liability.
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