LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Castration: Testicles
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Castration is the removal of the testes, or testicles, of male animals. Various methods have been used to castrate cattle. Physical methods result in the removal, irreversible damage, or destruction of the testes, and include application of elastrator bands or rubber rings; the use of the Burdizzo castration clamp; and excision, using a castration knife or open, closed, or modified closed surgical techniques. Elastrator bands and rubber rings remain in place after application, creating chronic ischemia and resulting in eventual sloughing of the tissues distal to the band/ring. The Burdizzo castration clamp crushes the proximal portion of the scrotum, spermatic cord, and nerves and vessels, resulting in ischemia and testicular atrophy.1 A combination of the Burdizzo clamp and rubber ring has ... been used to castrate cattle; the ring is placed following application of the clamp.1,2
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Castration (orchiectomy) is a surgical procedure in which the testicles are removed from the body. It is performed most commonly to make pets unable to breed... helping to control pet overpopulation.
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Castration involves the removal of both testicles through surgical incisions into the scrotum. The connections of blood vessels, tubes etc. from the testicle to the body internally must ... be crushed and cut.
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Patients presenting for routine castration for population control or behavioral modification will not demonstrate any clinical signs. Animals with disease processes involving the testicles and/or epididymis may demonstrate clinical signs relating to the underlying disease process. Patients suffering from cryptorchid testicles may demonstrate an abdominal mass on physical examination, which may cause clinical signs such as nausea, pain, anorexia (loss of appetite), weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, mammary gland enlargement and sexual attraction by other male dogs. Clinical signs for testicular hypoplasia will typically be absent unless there is an unsuppressed action of a cell type within the testicle, which may cause hair loss, mammary gland enlargement and male dog attraction. Infection of the testicle and epididymis (orchitis/epididymitis) will typically show signs of testicular pain, scrotal swelling, depression, lethargy, fever and anorexia. Testicular trauma may demonstrate signs of scrotal swelling and discoloration, pain, hemorrhage and systemic signs of shock.
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The word "castration" comes from the ancient Sanskrit "sastrum," or "knife." But this practice reached its zenith in the West during the Baroque period (17th and 18th centuries), when the Italian castrati ruled the European operatic stage. In The World of the Castrati, Patrick Barbier explains that castrati were ubiquitous in the Baroque opera. To produce a castrato, a boy's testicles would be removed before his voice broke (ideally between the ages of eight and 10). If he was among the lucky 20 percent who survived this process, he was shipped off to a conservatory, where he endured years of severe vocal training for the slim chance of becoming a great singer. This training -- and along with it the castrati -- vanished for the most part after the Baroque era.
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For the horse owner who is considering castration, it is usually a good choice to have the operation done at an early age. The colt is much easier to handle, the incision site will be able to be closed off with sutures, and obviously the testicles are much smaller. All these conditions translate into a much reduced incident of swelling, as well as cosmetically more handsome features. For example, horses castrated this young will refrain from developing some muscle masses that cause them to have thicker necks. If you wait for the horse to be a bit older – say between one and two years of age – the testicles will be much larger, and the incision site will not be closeable. Healing is much slower, and it is important to keep parasites away from the open wound.
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