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Canadian (World Literature): New Canadian
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The first significant Canadian poets were those of the Confederation school, led by Sir Charles G. D. Roberts (1860–1943). His romantic Orion and Other Poems (1880) stimulated other writers, and in his Songs of the Common Day (1893) he vividly described his native New Brunswick countryside. Bliss Carman, Roberts's cousin, gained fame through love songs and nature poems, tinged with romantic melancholy and nostalgia. Among his best-known collections are Low Tide on Grand Pré (1893) and The Pipes of Pan (5 vol., 1902–5).
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Roberts, Sir Charles George Douglas 1860-1943, Canadian author, b. New Brunswick. He was the first Canadian to be knighted for his work as a writer. He wrote over 67 works, of which the best-known are Orion (1880), Divers Tones (1886),...
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During the 19th century, Canadian writers grew more numerous and more ambitious, attempting new forms and addressing new subjects. At first, writers turned to narratives that recorded exploration, settlement, and survival. By the end of the century, the range of genres and topics had broadened considerably to encompass social issues of the day—from the politics of independence to the rights of women—historical romance, comedies of manners, and lyric poetry about the transcendence of nature.
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The 1960’s and ‘70’s saw a new trend in Canadian publishing in the form of small publishing houses such as Coach House Press, House of Anansi Press, and New Press. Based in Toronto, these smaller presses published mostly emerging poets like Michael Ondaatje, Margaret Atwood, Dennis Lee (who ... ran House of Anansi Press), Al Purdy, and Allen Ginsberg. New Press specialized in controversial political books (MacSkimming 173, 177, 187). The early 1970’s saw the formation of the Independent Publishers’ Association, made up of large and small Canadian-owned publishers (MacSkimming 197); it later became the Association of Canadian Publishers. The trend continued through the 1970’s, with hundreds of small publishers springing up across Canada, from Fiddlehead Poetry Books in Fredericton, New Bruinswick to Talon Books in Vancouver, British Columbia, providing now-famous names such as Carol Shields, Jane Urqhart, Joy Kogawa, and Thomas Wharton with opportunities to publish their writing (MacSkimming 245-249). Most of these presses struggled with funding, due to the lack of readers in Canada, and had to rely on government subsidy (MacSkimming 263).
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At the same time, because schools are spending their budgets buying anthologies, there is little money left for new Canadian literary titles. New books are introduced to the classroom at a slow rate and in small numbers. Provincial curricula ... often require schools to purchase new textbooks. Budgets of school libraries have also been cut.
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Teacher survey respondents indicated that in 31% of their schools there is a Canadian literature course. The number of Canadian literature courses has declined over the last few years and will continue to decline, in some provinces, as more new curricula are implemented.
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