LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Caddo Indians: Red River
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The Caddo Indians were agriculturalists whose way of life emerged by A.D. 900 in archaeological sites in Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma. When members of Hernando de Soto's expedition entered the region in 1542, thriving Caddo communities were distributed along the Brazos, Trinity, Neches, Sabine, Red, and Ouachita rivers. These communities played important economic and diplomatic roles during the seventeenth and eighteenth century colonial era. The Caddo people were forcibly removed to reservations in Texas and Oklahoma during the nineteenth century.
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The Caddo Indians are the principal southern representatives of the great Caddoan linguistic family, which include the Wichita, Kichai, Pawnee, and Arikara. Their confederacy consisted of several tribes or divisions, claiming as their original territory the whole of lower Red River and adjacent country in Louisiana, eastern Texas, and Southern Arkansas.
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The Caddo Indians were farming people. Caddo women harvested crops of corn, beans, pumpkins, and sunflowers. Caddo men hunted for deer, buffalo, and small game and went fishing in the rivers. Traditional Caddo foods included cornbread, soups, and stews. The Caddo Indians in Texas ... mined salt from underground mines, which they boiled down to use in their cooking.
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Arrowhead and Indian Artifact Hunting - From time to time, various Indian artifacts are discovered along the river reaffirming the fact that the Caddo Indians abounded in the Caddo River Valley. In fact, history indicates that Hernando de Soto, the great Spanish conqueror who led the first European settlers to North America, was defeated by the Tula tribe in Caddo Gap near the thermal springs. Interesting, eh?
Long before the Spanish Explorers made the first European contact with the Caddo Indians, the various tribes of the Caddo Nation were well established in the Red River Valley. Their subsistence depended on hunting, fishing, gathering of shell-fish, nuts and fruits and the cultivation of corn and beans in this fertile area.
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