LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Bromine
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Bromine substances are disinfectants and can be used as an alternative for chlorine. In swimming pools, bromine is used against the formation and growth of algae, bacteria and odors in swimming water. In the United States, bromine has been used since 1936 to treat swimming water. During World War II, chlorine became scarce and many swimming pools started to use bromine for disinfection instead.
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Bromine at ordinary temperatures is a mobile liquid of fine red colour, which appears almost black in thick layers. It boils at 59° C. According to Sir W. Ramsay and S. Young, bromine, when dried over sulphuric acid, boils at 57.65° C., and when dried over phosphorus pentoxide, boils at 58.85° C. (under a pressure of 755.8 mm.), forming a deep red vapour, which exerts an irritating and directly poisonous action on the respiratory organs. It solidifies at - 21° C. (Quincke) to a dark brown solid. Its specific gravity is 3.18828 (r), latent heat of fusion 16.185 calories, latent heat of vaporization 45.6 calories, specific heat 0.1071. The specific heat of bromine vapour, at constant pressure, is 0.05504 and at constant volume is 0.04251 (K. Strecker).
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Bromine has a pungent odour and is irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Exposure to concentrated bromine vapour, even for a short time, may be fatal. Bromine exists in the diatomic form (Br2) over a wide range of temperatures. The vapour is amber in colour, and the liquid is reddish brown. A saturated solution of bromine in water is orange-red and on cooling yields a red crystalline hydrate (a clathrate, in which bromine molecules are trapped in cagelike spaces within the network of water molecules). Bromine is a strong oxidizing agent, so that it combines violently with certain elements, such as phosphorus, aluminum, and potassium, giving off light.
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Bromine has the atomic number 35. Like chlorine, it is a halogen and it easily reacts with other elements. In nature bromine can only be found in compounds. These combinations are called bromides. Bromides are used to obtain pure bromine and to produce bromine products. After fluorine, bromine is the most reactive element.
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Bromine, crude salt and other chemical products are highly desired in many industries in China. These products are essential for the oil and papermaking industries. China is the fourth largest bromine producer worldwide behind the US, Israel and Jordan. The production of bromine is estimated to reach over 130,000 tons/year in China. Demand for bromine in China continues to outpace supply. Currently, bromine sales worldwide are $1.24 billion with $290 million originating from China.
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Bromine and iodine are extracted from sea water by seaweed and plankton. In Arkansas, decomposition of organic debris during the Jurassic Period released both bromine and iodine to the forming brines. However, iodine is thought to have escaped from the system into the atmosphere through the process of oxidation. During the processes that produced the hydrocarbons composing petroleum and natural gas, bromine became even more concentrated in the associated salt brines. In Arkansas, it is thought that brines in the Louann Formation migrated through the overlying Norphlet Formation into the Smackover Formation.
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Bromine