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Bowel
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Bowel obstruction in the newborn is one of the most common and potentially dire newborn surgical emergencies. Successful management of a newborn with a bowel obstruction depends upon both timely diagnosis and prompt therapy. Many causes of bowel obstruction in the newborn can be readily diagnosed with physical examination and simple radiographic examinations. Crucial to the management of most newborn bowel emergencies is effective nasogastric or orogastric decompression.
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Bowel obstruction is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines, preventing the normal transit of the products of digestion. It can occur at any level distal to the duodenum of the small intestine and is a medical emergency. Although many cases are not treated surgically, it is a surgical problem.
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Bowel adhesions can cause chronic pain and dysfunction. Bowel adhesions form after trauma to the tissues, caused by the body's inflammatory response to tissue damage. As the body's tissues heal, bowel adhesions are formed. The tissues begin to shrink, which results in restricted function of the bowel. Adhesions create more mechanical irritation, perpetuating the cycle of bowel adhesion formation. Bowel adhesions tend to persist long after the original trauma has healed, attaching to nerves, muscles, and other neighboring structures.
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Bowel care on discharge from a specialised spinal injury unit has far reaching implications for the quality of life for patients recovering from spinal injury. “Management of the bowels is undoubtedly the most distressing aspect of paraplegia, especially to the newly injured.” However, because of limited alternatives, the methods of management have not changed significantly over the years.’ “A spinal cord injury is a traumatic event producing a multitude of unanticipated irreversible physical changes that immediately block a person’s capabilities of meeting individual life demands. A study by Glickman and Kamm’ found that once a person adapted to their paralysis, one of their major complaints or concerns was bowel dysfunction. Another study by Levi et al’ revealed that almost 41% of persons rated bowel dysfunction as a moderate to severe life-limiting problem. “Fear of bowel accidents is a commonly stated reason why people with spinal cord injuries (SCI) do not engage in activities outside the home or travel away from home, and so the impact of poor bowel management actually extends far beyond impaired intestinal motility.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation that results in mild to severe symptoms such as diarrhea, bleeding, abdominal pain, fever, joint pain, and weight loss. Crohn's disease and UC are the most common forms of IBD. CD most commonly affects the lower part of the small intestine and the large intestine. Like CD, the average age of onset for UC is late childhood or early adulthood... inflammation occurs in the colon.
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Bowel cancer is ... known as colon, rectal or colorectal cancer. The lining of the bowel is made of cells that are constantly being renewed. Sometimes these cells grow too quickly, forming a clump known as a bowel polyp or an adenoma. Polyps are usually benign. Although they are not bowel cancers they can change into a malignant cancer over a number of years. A malignant cancer is when cancer cells spread beyond the original site and into other parts of the body.
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