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Bosnia and Herzegovina: Countries
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In mountainous southeastern Europe, Bosnia's Muslims, or Bosniacs, trace their ancestry to Christian Slavs who converted to Islam under the Ottomans for tax and landholding advantages. Yugoslavia recognized Bosniacs as a separate people in 1969. Muslim Slavs and Roman Catholic Croats voted in early 1992 for independence from Yugoslavia; most Eastern Orthodox Serbs were fiercely opposed. In the ensuing 1992-95 civil war, some 250,000 people died. The Dayton Peace Accord ended the war and partitioned the country into a Muslim-Croat region and a Serbian region (Serbian Republic). High unemployment and ethnic tensions continue to hamper the country.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina have a number of environmental issues. These include air pollution from the country’s metallurgical plants. The 1992-95 civil strife has caused the destruction of infrastructure and a water shortage. There are limited sites for disposing of urban waste. In addition, the country is encountering deforestation.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina has signed a number of free trade agreements with neighbouring countries and is negotiating its entry into CEFTA and the WTO. Companies operating in the country further benefit from the preferential trade regime with the Europe Union. This agreement allows for all goods that fulfill EU standards to be exported to each of the 25 member states without quantitative restrictions and free of customs or other duties, until the end of 2010. Besides the EU, Bosnia and Herzegovina has preferential export regimes with countries such as Canada, Japan, Russia, Turkey and the USA; the full, up-to-date, list is available on FIPA’s website.
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Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the south, Bosnia and Herzegovina is mostly landlocked, except for 26 kilometres of the Adriatic Sea coastline,[1][2] centered around the town of Neum. The interior of the country is mountainous in the center and south, hilly in the northwest, and flat in the northeast. The nation's capital and largest city is Sarajevo, seated between several high mountains. Sarajevo was the host site of the 1984 Winter Olympic Games.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is committed to, and applying, the principles of multiparty democracy, pluralism and market economics in accordance with the conditions specified in Article 1 of the Agreement establishing the Bank. The country has continued to play a constructive role in regional cooperation, which, besides bringing practical benefits in and of itself, is an essential part of the process of EU approximation. Integration into the euro-atlantic institutions remains BiH’s key foreign policy priority.
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Bosnia itself is the chief geographic region of the modern state, with a moderate continental climate, consisting of hot summers and cold, snowy winters. Herzegovina is the southern tip of the country, known for its starkly Mediterranean climate and topography. It was included first as the official name of the then Ottoman province official name in the mid-nineteenth century.
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