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Bosnia and Herzegovina: Countries
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Note--Bosnia and Herzegovina struggles through its third year of interethnic civil strife which began in the spring of 1992 after the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina held a referendum on independence. Bosnia's Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to 'greater Serbia'. In March 1994, Bosnia's Muslims and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement in Washington, DC, creating the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A group of rebel Muslims... continues to battle government forces in the northwest enclave of Bihac. A Contact Group of countries, the US, UK, France, Germany, and Russia, continues to seek a resolution between the Federation and the Bosnian Serbs. In July of 1994 the Contact Group presented a plan to the warring parties that roughly equally divides the country between the two, while maintaining Bosnia in its current internationally recognized borders.
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Bosnia & Herzegovina entered the kingdom with a severely depleted population, a depressed social and economic atmosphere and strained religious and ethnic relations after 40 years of Austro-Hungarian rule. Many argues were during this period, and the only reason was – the constitution. Serb side wanted centralistic state, but the other side (Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia) wanted decentralistic state with some kind of autonomy of all states inside the Kingdom of SHS. Later on Serbian King renamed this country into «Yugoslavia». The new government tried to continue a conciliatory policy towards Germany but ten days alter on April 6 massive bombing on Belgarde began and Yugoslavia was invaded by German, Bulgarian, Hungarian and Italian forces. The «resistance» lasted 11 days until the Yugoslav army surrendered to the German High Command.
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Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina takes place in a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Federal legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The system of government established by the Dayton Accord is an example of consociationalism, as representation is by elites who represent the countries three major groups, with each having a guaranteed share of power. Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into two Entities - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska, as well as the district of BrÄko.
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Never particularly robust, Bosnia and Herzegovina's economy was shattered by the civil war that broke out after independence. Historically, the economy has depended on agriculture, although it now provides less than half of the country's food needs. Wheat, corn, oats, and barley are the principal products of Bosnia and tobacco, cotton, fruits, and grapes of Herzegovina. Livestock is ... raised. Mining is important, and there are significant deposits of lignite, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, manganese, and other minerals. Vehicle and aircraft assembly, oil refining, and the manufacture of steel, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, and domestic appliances are important.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its capital Sarajevo, are fondly remembered in the sports world as the site of the 14th Olympic Games in 1984. As the crossroads of western and eastern Europe, the country has a diverse cultural landscape. However, much of BiH’s twentieth-century history has been shaped by war and ethnic and nationalist tensions. From 1992 to 1995, BiH witnessed over three years of brutal war among the Serb, Croat and Bosniac populations, following the break-up of Yugoslavia. The conflict ended in December 1995 with the signing of the General Framework Agreement for Peace (the Dayton Peace Accord).
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Never particularly robust, Bosnia and Herzegovina's economy was shattered by the civil war that broke out after independence. Traditionally, the economy has depended on agriculture, although it now provides less than half of the country's food needs. Corn, wheat, oats, and barley are the principal products of Bosnia and tobacco, cotton, fruits, and grapes of Herzegovina. Mining is important, and there are significant deposits of lignite, iron ore, and copper. Steel, textiles, wood products, rugs, timber, machinery, and transportation equipment are its most significant products, and there has been some development of its hydroelectric resources.
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