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Bolshevik
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Based on the life and work of the Russian film director Alexander Medvedkin (1900-1989), The Last Bolshevik is a tribute from one filmmaker to another. An archeological expedition into film history that reveals new cinematic treasures, the film prompts a reflection on the relation between art and politics in the former Soviet Union.
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Generally, those of the Bolshevik leadership who were more open, more European in outlook, more aware of world history and of alternate theories and practices, were those who had spent some time in exile abroad. Those who held to narrower and more dogmatic outlooks, like Stalin and his henchmen, had stayed in Russia, variously in underground activities or in jail or in Siberia.
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After the Kronstadt revolt had already been crushed, the Bolshevik authorities found themselves haunted by its memory. Rational observers soon dismissed the charges that the uprising was arranged by émigrés or White generals, and the bureaucrats needed new excuses for their actions. These later justifications were, without exception, far more sophisticated than those that had been created on the spot. Leon Trotsky in particular spent a good deal of time arguing the Bolshevik case in attempts to recruit leftists to his anti-Stalin opposition. One of Trotsky's later claims tries to show that the workers of Petrograd opposed the revolt, which was therefore anti-proletarian. He weaves this tale by claiming that the collapse of the widespread strikes in the city demonstrated support for the Bolsheviks and opposition to the Kronstadters.
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The Bolshevik policy of Red Terror began shortly after the beginning of the Civil War in the summer of 1918, and was mirrored by the White Terror. The policy promoted the use of mass execution and fear as a tactic to be implemented ruthlessly. Acts of violence, rather than being viewed as regrettable and destructive were glorified. Latsis, the head of the Cheka on the Eastern front, wrote "In civil war there are no courts of law for the enemy. It is a life or death struggle. If you do not kill, you will be killed.
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In Soviet times, the Bolshevik rise to power was celebrated Nov. 7 with military parades and mass rallies. Boris Yeltsin, the first post-Soviet president, renamed the holiday the Day of Accord and Reconciliation, but as communists continued to celebrate the old holiday with demonstrations across the country, it soon acquired an anti-government tone.
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The word "Bolshevik" is sometimes used as a synonym of Communist. It was often used by right-wingers outside the Soviet Union as a derogatory term for left-wingers, not all of whom were necessarily Communists. The Bolshevik political platform has often been referred to as Bolshevism.
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