LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Black Sea
built 500 days ago
[One] important commercial port on the Black Sea is Trabzon. As the beginning of Iran's transit road, it connections with the ports of the other countries on the shores of the Black Sea. The Trabzon Castle was founded on an area shaped like a table and the architecture which has grown up around the castle reflects Byzantine, Commagene and Ottoman styles. The most important structure in Trabzon is the Ayasofya Museum. The interior is decorated with frescoes and on the exterior are a number of reliefs. The panoramic birds-eye view of the city which can be had from Boztepe Park and the Ataturk Mansion are splendid indeed.
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The Black Sea is the world’s largest meromictic basin where the deep waters do not mix with the upper layers of water that receive oxygen from the atmosphere. As a result, over 90% of the deeper Black Sea volume is anoxic water. The current hydrochemical configuration is primarily controlled by basin topography and fluvial inputs, which result in a strongly stratified vertical structure and a positive water balance. The upper layers are generally cooler, less dense and less salty than the deeper waters, as they are fed by large fluvial systems, whereas the deep waters originate from the warm, salty waters of the Mediterranean. This influx of dense water from Mediterranean is balanced by an outflow of fresher Black Sea surface-water into the Marmara Sea, maintaining the stratification and salinity levels.
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The Black Sea has the largest specific drainage basin in the world covering almost a third of Europe. Every year about 350 cubic kilometres of river water enters the sea with 85% of the total inflow coming from three rivers: the Danube, the Dnieper and the Dniester.
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The Black Sea Action Plan is sensitive to these realities. It states that “Participation of all sectors of society is an essential requirement for the development of sustainable policies in the region. It requires the development of education projects, transparent and participatory decision making procedures and open rules on access to administrative and judicial procedures”. Certainly information on the environment should not be regarded as a secret. “Open rules of access” implies that members of the public will be able to take any complaints regarding violations to environmental law to the court and receive full support to pursue their case, even if the case is against governmental bodies or state industries. This is already happening in some places as people exercise their democratic rights.
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Navigation in the Black Sea began early. Many of the colonial and commercial activities of ancient Greece and Rome, and in later times of the Byzantine Empire, centered on it. For almost three centuries after 1453, when the Ottomans occupied Constantinople (present-day İstanbul), the modern capital and last stronghold of the Byzantine Empire, the sea was virtually closed to foreign commerce. The Russian Empire began to challenge Ottoman supremacy in the Black Sea early in the 18th century. By the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1856, which ended the Crimean War, the sea was opened to the commerce of all nations and was neutralized. In 1870 Alexander II, emperor of Russia, repudiated the neutralization section of the Treaty of Paris and placed a naval force in the Black Sea. A conference of European powers, held in 1871, sanctioned this action, but reaffirmed the right of the Ottoman sultan to close the Dardanelles and the Bosporus to war vessels.
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The Black Sea Fleet is considered to be founded by Prince Potemkin on May 13, 1783, together with its principal base, the city of Sevastopol. Formerly commanded by such legendary admirals as Dmitry Senyavin and Pavel Nakhimov, it is a fleet of enormous historical and political importance for Russia. In 1790 Russian naval forces under the command of admiral Fyodor Ushakov defeated the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Kerch Strait.[1] Commanded by Vice Admiral F.S. Oktyabrskii on the outbreak of war with Germany in June 1941, the Fleet gave a credible account of itself, along with the Red Army forces that fought alongside it, during the Siege of Odessa and the Battle of Sevastopol .[2] However, its military importance has degraded since the collapse of the Soviet Union, due to significant funding cuts and, to a degree, the loss of its major missions.
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