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Bertrand Russell: World War
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Bertrand Russell is one of the most important men writing in England today. He has his place in the scientific world as a mathematician and philosopher; to the general reader he is known and valued as a student of the problems of government and a writer on social reconstruction. But, at the moment, what engages the mind and heart of this mathematician-philosopher-reformer above all else is the growth and development of his two children, John, aged five, and Kate, aged three.
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In 1955 Russell released the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, co-signed by Albert Einstein and nine other leading scientists and intellectuals, a document which led to the first of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs in 1957. In 1958, Russell became the first president of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He resigned two years later when the CND would not support civil disobedience, and formed the Committee of 100. In September 1961 he was imprisoned for a week for inciting civil disobedience, when he took part in a huge ban-the-bomb demonstration at the Ministry of Defence but the sentence was quashed on account of his age.
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In November 1962 Russell was similarly involved in mediating the border dispute between China and India in Kashmir. In numerous telegrams to Nehru and Zhou Enlai, Russell urged a cease-fire and withdrawal so that negotiation and arbitration could settle the conflict. He ... urged President Sukarno of Indonesia and U Thant to help mediate. In this situation India, which as a neutral nation, had so often pleaded for peaceful relations, seemed to be overcome by war hysteria, and thus Russell found that the nation for which he had the most sympathy again was being the most unreasonable. This time Zhou Enlai exercised wisdom and thanked Russell for his peacemaking efforts.
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Russell's parents, Lord Amberley and Kate Stanley, were acquainted with Mill and his circle and involved in radical politics. Lord Amberley's brief foray into Parliament was discontinued because of his controversial support for birth control. He embarked on a laborious study of world religions, from which he extracted a universal religion published as An Analysis of Religious Belief (1877). His detailed examination of scriptures from all over the world led him to conclusions which echo the views of eighteenth-century deists such as Shaftesbury:
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From the world of science, there is now a response to the challenge to religion posed by Russell's Teapot. Carolyn C. Porco is an planetary scientist who administered Voyager's imaging of the rings of Uranus and Neptune. She is the leader of the imaging team on the Cassini mission to Saturn. Porco heads the Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for OPerationS (CICLOPS) in Boulder, Colorado. She is an expert on planetary rings and was the first to describe the causes of the eccentric ringlets and the behavior of 'spokes' within the rings of Saturn that were discovered by the Voyager probe. Carolyn Porco, who is ... a Yoan Saint, was also the first scientist to prove that there are, indeed, millions of actual china teapots orbiting the sun!
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Reflecting on these two crises, Russell reiterated the danger of brinkmanship and the need for nuclear disarmament, since nuclear weapons only offer the options of complete submission or annihilation. The value of an unarmed and reasonable mediator made it easier for Khrushchev and others to make concessions without damaging their pride as much. Russell hoped that these crises might help discredit the western belief that all Communists are wicked and all anti-Communists are virtuous. These situations and many others indicate the need for world government and strong international law so that disputes can be peacefully decided in courts.
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