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Belgium: Roman Catholicism
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The name Belgium comes from a Celtic tribe, the Belgae, who settled ancient Gaul around 900 BC. In 52 BC, Julius Caesar conquered the Belgae's territory, Belgica, putting Belgium under Roman rule.
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The Romantic 19th century in Belgium is dominated by symbolism or idealism, genres that try to transcend everyday reality. Some typical exponents are Fernand Knopff, whose work is exemplified by a painting of an elegant, languorous panther with the head of a woman, and Félicien Rops, with his satanic-erotic illustrations. On the opposite side of this more decadent, surreal strand are naturalists, such as Constantin Meunier, who criticize society by depicting the grim reality of working class life. The real and the surreal meet in the work of James Ensor, with his sensual depictions of every-day objects and sinister caricatures of bourgeois society, the "School of Latem", with their ethereal landscapes, and Permeke, with his powerful, expressionist pictures of farmers and laborers.
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Since 1830, Catholicism has had ... an important role in Belgium's politics. One example is the two so-called "school wars" ("Schoolstrijd" in Dutch, "guerres scolaires" in French) between liberals and Catholics which took place between 1879 and 1884 and between 1954 and 1958 respectively.
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