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Bavaria: Bavarians
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The duchy of Bavaria, which became a prince-electorate in 1623, was one of the larger and more important territories of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1801 it covered about 590 square miles and had about 880,000 inhabitants. Unlike other territories, Bavaria was a nation rather than merely a random territorial unit. The Bavarian people had emerged in a process of ethnogenesis during the reign of the Ostrogoth king Theodoric the Great (c. 453–526; ruled 474/493–526) in the former Roman province of Noricum. From 1180 until it became a republic in 1918, it was ruled by the local Wittelsbach dynasty.
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Bavaria has very good ski and snowboard resorts in the Bavarian Alps and in the Bavarian Forest. They are much smaller than the resorts in Austria or Swizterland. They are always well maintained and usually cheaper. The most famous and crowded are in Garmish and Oberstdorf.
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In a deliberate program of reeducation, with the University of Ingolstadt as the headquarters of Jesuit influence and with a number of Jesuit high schools, Bavaria managed to shape the ideas of future Catholic elites. Commissioned by the dukes, Jesuits like Petrus Canisius, Gregory of Valencia, and Jacob Gretser molded the religious ideas of the next two generations of Catholic political leaders, including Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand III, and the generation of the Catholic League and of religious warfare in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). In 1568 Duke Albert forged an alliance with the house of Lorraine, the political leaders of the French Catholic League. Duke William V "the Pious" (ruled 1579–1597) and his wife Renata of Lorraine led the life of saints and brutally suppressed heresy and witchcraft. They ... introduced new and highly popular forms of piety: new forms of prayer, of spirituality, and of religious practices like weekly processions; pilgrimages to Bavarian national shrines such as Mother Mary of Altötting; annual Corpus Christi processions in the capital; and monumental mystery plays. There were new religious brotherhoods such as the Marian Congregation and new religious orders like the female Jesuits of Mary Ward (1585–1645), an English emigrant from Yorkshire who was protected by the Bavarian dynasty even after formal recognition by the Jesuits and the pope had been denied her.
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The Bavarian referendum initiative on the voluntary label "genetech-free from Bavaria" failed in its second phase. While in the first stage where at least 25,000 signatures have to be collected in order to initiate the referendum procedure, more than 260,000 signatures had been collected, the minimum of 10% of all persons entitled to vote could not be achieved in the second phase. Therefore, a referendum which would have been held during this summer will not take place.
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Bavarian accommodation is perfect for walking holidays and tours cycling in Bavaria. Many of the finest walking trails are named after the European kings who used to spend their time in Bavaria walking along them, past soaring, snow capped peaks, azure lakes and dark forests.
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The city will highlight the legacy of the Wittelsbach dynasty (rulers in Bavaria from the 12th century through to 1918) offering a range of new programmes. These include visits to the numerous castles in and around Munich, a tour which focuses on the childhood of the much-loved 19th-century Austrian Empress Sisi (wife of Emperor Franz Josef), a programme centred round the shops that were officially appointed as purveyors to the royal Bavarian court during the 19th century, and another which highlights royal culinary experiences. Read more.
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