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Baruch Spinoza: Writings
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This hardly exhausts Spinoza’s modern relevance. The brave Somali dissident Ayaan Hirsi Ali has fled her adopted homeland of Holland after becoming too high-profile a critic of a religion she was raised to believe in unquestioningly. Sounds familiar. And, in addition to your book, Matthew Stewart has recently come out with a shrewd Straussian re-evaluation of Spinoza’s influence on Gottfried Leibniz, that Hanoverian yes-man of the monad and summer crusade.
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Spinoza (1632-77) was born in Amsterdam to Mikael and Hanna Deborah, Mikael's second wife who died when Spinoza was a little boy of six. The family were Marranos who had fled from Portugal in order to return to Judaism.
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The Jews who banished Spinoza had themselves been victims of intolerance, refugees from the Spanish-Portuguese Inquisition. The Jews on the Iberian Peninsula had been forced to convert to Christianity at the end of the 15th century. In the intervening century, they had been kept under the vigilant gaze of the Inquisitors, who suspected the "New Christians," as they were called even after generations of Christian practice, of carrying the rejection of Christ in their very blood. It can be argued that the Iberian Inquisition was Europe's first experiment in racialist ideology.
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Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 February 21, 1677), named Baruch Spinoza by his synagogue elders and known as Bento de Spinoza or Bento d'Espinoza in the community in which he grew up. Along with Rene Descartes and Gottfried Wilhelm Freiherr von
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Website for the Jerusalem Spinoza Institute, an independent, non-governmental, intellectual institution that bears the name of the first theoretician of tolerance, Baruch Spinoza. The Institute has been active since 1984 in conducting academic studies and public education.
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Spinoza's vader, Michael de Spinoza, was een koopman die twee keer trouwde. Hij werd geboren in het Portugese Vidigere in 1588 of 1589 als zoon van Isaac de Spinoza. Isaac was een broer van bovengenoemde Abraham. Isaac overleed in 1627 in Rotterdam en werd op begraafplaats Beth Haim in Ouderkerk aan de Amstel begraven. Michael trouwde in 1622 of 1623 met zijn nicht Rachel, de dochter van Abraham. Zij kregen twee kinderen die kort na de geboorte al overleden.
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