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Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence Search
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In artificial intelligence, the basic paradigm of intelligent action is that of search through a space of partial solutions (called the problem space) for a goal situation. Each step offers several possibilities, leading to a cascading of possibilities that can be represented as a branching tree. The search is ... said to be combinatorial or exponential. For example, if there are 10 possible actions in any situation, and it takes a sequence of 12 steps to find a solution (a goal state), then there are 1012 possible sequences in the exhaustive search tree. What keeps the search under control is knowledge, which suggests how to choose or narrow the options at each step. Thus the fourth fundamental concern is how to represent knowledge in the memory of the system so it can be brought to bear on the search when relevant.
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In the 1970s several notable failures (in machine translation and elsewhere) revealed two fundamental limits to artificial intelligence that hadn't been fully appreciated in the 1950s and 60s. They are most commonly known by the titles Intractability and "The Common Sense Knowledge Problem." The first puts absolute limits on the complexity of a problems that can be solved by using strict logic and exhaustive searches. The second limits how successful a program can be at understanding anything without having access to the enormous amount of common sense knowledge that the average person collects in an average childhood.
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This course surveys the foundations and applications of symbolic approaches to artificial intelligence. The approach emphasizes the formal basis of automated reasoning and includes an introduction to programming in Prolog. Fundamentals covered include search, knowledge representation, automated inference, planning, non-monotonic reasoning, and reasoning about belief. Applications include expert systems, natural language processing and agent architectures.
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Barney Pell has a passion for artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP). His latest foray into those related fields is Powerset, a search engine that he hopes will challenge Google. Tags: Artificial Intelligence, Barney Pell, Dan Farber Blog posts 2007-09-08
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The real innovators are hidden away working on artificial intelligence, artificial life, cognitive search engines and humanised interfaces. Written in a coffee shop on Fleet Street in London and dispatched to silicon.com via a low cost wi-fi service
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Artificial Intelligence Search