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Arab: North America
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The contributions of Moorish Spain to Arab music were profound and far-reaching. The Easterners' adaptation to a new physical environment and the introduction of Eastern science and literature into settings of wealth and splendor, as represented in the courts of Seville, Granada, and Cordoba, were inspirational to the new artistic life of al-Andalus. Zaryab (died about 850) was a freed slave who moved from Baghdad to Cordoba, where he became a highly respected singer, 'ud player, and music teacher. Zaryab is credited with compiling a repertoire of twenty-four nawbat, (singular nawbah or nubah), each of which was a composite of vocal and instrumental pieces in a certain melodic mode. The nawbat were reportedly associated with the different hours of the day. The nawbah tradition was largely transported to North Africa by the Muslims who were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula in the late fifteenth century.
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The Arab League helped rouse nationalist ambitions and revolts among the Muslims of the French North African territories. France was unable to overcome the uprisings in Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. It recognized the independence of Morocco and Tunisia in 1956.
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"These sponsorships reflect Comerica's ongoing support and commitment to the Arab- and Chaldean-American community," notes Jay Peters, first vice president of Comerica's Small Business Oakland department, who leads the bank's Arab and Chaldean market segmentation initiative. "We've now provided more than $2.9 million in support of events and activities in the Arab- and Chaldean-American community in this decade.
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"It seems like it's okay to hate an Arab now," said Emira Habiby Browne, president and founder of the Arab-American Family Support Center in Brooklyn. "It's nothing new. It happened after Oklahoma City. After TWA Flight 800." "Volunteers helping fearful Arabs," New York Daily News, Sept. 21, 2001.
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The Hebrew Bible occasionally refers to `Arvi peoples (or variants thereof), translated as "Arab" or "Arabian". The scope of the term at that early stage is unclear, but it seems to have referred to various desert-dwelling Semitic tribes in the Syrian Desert and Arabia. Its earliest attested use referring to the neighboring nomadic groups such as those of Gindibu the Arab. Proto-Arabic, or ancient north Arabian, texts give a clearer picture of the Arabs' emergence. The earliest are written in variants of epigraphic south Arabian musnad script, including the 8th century BC Hasaean inscriptions of eastern Saudi Arabia, the 6th century BC Lihyanite texts of southeastern Saudi Arabia and the Thamudic texts found throughout Arabia and the Sinai (not in reality connected with Thamud).
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