LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Apartheid
built 648 days ago
The construction and destruction revolving around the Apartheid Wall is to move full-force in the coming months and the Wall could be completed in less than one year. The prospects of a completed wall are horrific, and will translate into the confiscation and annexation of some 10% of the West Bank, the destruction of hundreds of thousands of dunums of farmland including the uprooting of hundreds of thousands of trees, the demolition of homes, and the tragic “advancement” of the closure and siege policy that will leave thousands of families landless, jobless, hungry, and hopeless. The image of cities and villages encircled by checkpoints, by-pass roads, and settlements is now being accompanied by an 8-meter high concrete wall with trenches, electric fences, sensors, cameras, and armed watchtowers.
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Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning "separation" or "being apart". It is usually used to describe a policy that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. This system was used to mistreat and deny rights to non-white people. The laws allowed the white minority to keep the black majority out of certain areas without special papers or permission. School subjects for Africans had to be taught in Afrikaans. Blacks were ... not allowed to marry whites, drink from the same fountains or vote. The front of the buses were reserved for the white people and the back for the black people.
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Apartheid placed great emphasis on "self-determination" and "cultural autonomy" for different ethnic groups. For this reason, "mother-tongue" education was strongly emphasised. Thus, in addition to pouring resources into developing Afrikaans educational material, resources were ... poured into developing school textbooks in black languages like Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Tswana, and Pedi. As a result, one of the consequences of apartheid was a South African population literate in black-African languages (a rare thing in Africa where schooling is normally carried out in colonial languages like English and French).
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The end of Apartheid has signalled new hope for the people of the homelands. Blacks and whites have come together under the banner of Earthlife Africa, the first nationwide environmental group, to try to improve ecological conditions. But it will be a long time, if ever, before the environmental injustice and destruction caused by Apartheid can be repaired.
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The term Apartheid was introduced during the 1948 election campaign by DF Malan's Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP – 'Reunited National Party'). But racial segregation had been in force for many decades in South Africa. In hindsight, there is something of an inevitability in the way the country developed its extreme policies. When the Union of South Africa was formed on 31 May 1910, Afrikaner Nationalists were given a relatively free hand to reorganise the country's franchise according to existing standards of the now-incorporated Boer republics, the Zuid Afrikaansche Repulick (ZAR – South African Republic or Transvaal) and Orange Free State. Non-Whites in the Cape Colony had some representation, but this would prove to be short-lived.
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Apartheid was implemented in the law. The following restrictions were not (only) social but were strictly enforced by law. Non-whites were excluded from national government and were unable to vote except in elections for segregated bodies which had no power. Blacks were prohibited from holding many jobs and were not allowed to employ whites. Non-whites were not allowed to run businesses or professional practices in any areas designated as being for whites only. Every significant metropolis, and practically every shopping and business district was in a white area.
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Apartheid