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Antoine Lavoisier: Elements
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Antimony, like other metals, was not considered elementary until proposed by Antoine Lavoisier. But oriental women used antimony sulfide to darken their eyebrows long before its composition was understood. Possible understanding about metallic Antimony was intentionally obscured by the alchemists. Georgius Agricula in the sixteenth century A.D. described how to smelt and used antimony metal. In 1604 Johann Thölde wrote a monograph on the Triumphal Chariot of Antimony. The name Stibium (Sb = #51) is (Latin) for mark. The English name Antimony = Anthemonium (Greek) is probably derived from al ithmid (Arabic), the name of Sb2S3 used for mascara.
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The phlogiston theory was discredited by Antoine Lavoisier between 1770 and 1790. He studied the gain or loss of weight when tin, lead, phosphorus, and sulfur underwent reactions of oxidation or reduction (deoxidation); and he showed that the newly discovered element oxygen was always involved.
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Lavoisier suggested that the elements in a compound should be reflected in its name. Based on this suggestion ‘Flowers of zinc’ became zinc oxide (a compound of zinc and oxygen) and ‘oil of vitriol’ became sulphuric acid), a compound of sulphur, oxygen and hydrogen). The new system of nomenclature proposed by Lavoisier had a provision for indicating relative proportions of the elements in a compound, for example sulphurous acid contains less oxygen than sulphuric acid.
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Lavoisier ... contributed to early ideas on composition and chemical changes by stating the radical theory, believing that radicals, which function as a single group in a chemical process, combine with oxygen in reactions. He also introduced the possibility of allotropy in chemical elements when he discovered that diamond is a crystalline form of carbon.
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Lavoisier erkannte als erster das Wasser als chemische Verbindungen von Sauerstoff und Wasserstoff. Mit der Entdeckung des Sauerstoffs als Unterhalter von Verbrennungsvorgängen prägte er auch den Begriff Oxidation: die Vereinigung von Elementen und chemischen Verbindungen mit dem Element Sauerstoff (Oxygenium), die Bildung von Oxiden.
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