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Angola: Ideologically Portugal
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The Republic of Angola has been at a state of war for the last 35 years. First, Angola was conquered by the Portuguese and made a colony in 1576. During Portuguese Colonial rule, thousands of Angolans were sent to Portugal's other colony, Brazil as slaves up to the mid-1800s. Although other European colonial powers granted independence to their colonies after World War II, Portugal, on the other hand, kept Angola as a colony until 1975. Separate wars for independence sparked in 1961, when Portugal was unwilling to discuss eventual independence for Angola (Dept. of State 3).
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Angola is at an important turning point in its history. Once a sleepy backwater in the far-flung Portuguese empire, Portugal's abrubpt decision to withdraw from Angola in 1975 threw the African colony into turmoil. A long and vicious civil war followed, attracting other more powerful nations into the foray and claiming many thousands of lives. After decades of war and strife, Angolans are now at peace and working to build a stable, democratic and free market republic. With the 1994 United Nations-sponsored peace treaty known as the Lusaka Protocol in place, hope for recociliation have been rekindled. Although the task is large and at times difficult, the path to peace, reconciliation and reconstruction is truly irreversible.
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Angola is having an increase of tourists, and part is related to the business activity, involving citizens coming from Portugal, Brazil , USA , England and France. Part of the success is ... due to the work of one hundred
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Portugal's primary interest in Angola quickly turned to slavery. The slaving system began early in the 16th century with the purchase from African chiefs of people to work on sugar plantations in São Tomé, Principé, and Brazil. Many scholars agree that by the 19th century, Angola was the largest source of slaves not only for Brazil, but ... for the Americas, including the United States. By the end of the 19th century, a massive forced labor system had replaced formal slavery and would continue until outlawed in 1961. It was this forced labor that provided the basis for development of a plantation economy and, by the mid-20th century, a major mining sector. Forced labor combined with British financing to construct three railroads from the coast to the interior, the most important of which was the transcontinental Benguela railroad that linked the port of Lobito with the copper zones of the Belgian Congo and what is now Zambia, through which it connects to Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
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Angola granted the Church official recognition in 1993, and the first branch was established three years later with Tshaka Mbenza Vuamina, a professor at the University of Angola, as president. From 1980 to 1996, approximately 400 Angolans joined the Church outside of their homeland, primarily in Portugal and France. Many returned to Angola and helped to establish the Church there. Several of these Saints met in homes and functioned as a group before becoming a branch. At the beginning of the year 2000, there were 502 Church members living in two branches.
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Angola is rebuilding its country after the end of a 27-year civil war in 2002. Fighting between the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, followed independence from Portugal in 1975. Peace seemed imminent in 1992 when Angola held national elections, but UNITA renewed fighting after being beaten by the MPLA at the polls. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost - and 4 million people displaced - in the quarter century of fighting. SAVIMBI's death in 2002 ended UNITA's insurgency and strengthened the MPLA's hold on power. While President DOS SANTOS had pledged to hold legislative elections in 2007, he has since announced that legislative elections will be held in 2008, with Presidential elections planned for 2009.
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