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Andrei Sakharov: Nobel Prize
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Sakharov, who died in 1989, was a Soviet physicist who became, in the words of the Nobel Peace Prize Committee, "a spokesman for the conscience of mankind." He was known as the father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb but gradually became one of the regime's most vocal critics and a defender of human rights and democracy.
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In 1970 Sakharov joined with Valery Chalidze, Igor Shafarevich, Andrei Tverdokhlebov and Grigori Podyapolski to establish the Committee for Human Rights. In 1975 Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and three years later published Alarm and Hope.
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After World War II, Sakharov obtained his doctorate and joined a research group developing nuclear weapons. This was an elite group headed by Igor Tamm, the Nobel physics laureate who had supervised Sakharov's PhD research and now hand-picked him for his team. Sakharov spent the next 20 years engaged in top-secret nuclear projects, mostly conducted in a special high-security research facility outside Moscow3, in conditions of the utmost secrecy and under continuous pressure to produce results.
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