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Ancient Egypt: Nile River
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Ancient Egypt was a society that lasted for a long time many years ago. It grew along the Nile river and was its most powerful in the second millennium BC. When it was its biggest, it went all the way from the Nile delta to a mountain called Jebel Barkal in Sudan.
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Ancient Egypt could not have existed without the great river. Every year, the snow in the mountains of East Africa melts, sending a torrent of water that overflows the banks of the Nile. The river picks up bits of soil and plant life called silt. The silt is dropped on the banks of the Nile as the flood recedes, and creates excellent topsoil that provides two or three crops every year. The ancient Greeks spoke with envy when they referred to Egypt as “the Gift of the Nile.”
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The number of inhabitants of Ancient Egypt ranged between 1.5 and 6 million depending on the period. Most of the inhabitants lived along the Nile, but there was ... a substantial population in the Nile Delta. The desert population was small in comparison.
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Ancient Egypt was divided into two regions: Upper and Lower Egypt. Lower (northern) Egypt consisted of the Nile River's delta made by the river as it empties into the Mediterranean. Today the Delta is fifteen thousand square miles of alluvium (silt), which has been deposited over the centuries by the annual inundation of the Nile. Prior to the New Kingdom (before about 1539 B.C.), this area was only thinly settled, although it was used as a grazing area for cattle. Its high water table in modern times has made archaeological excavation for evidence of settlements difficult.
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The sciences of Ancient Egypt were limited to practical needs, for example, the development of a calendar consisting of 365 days in a year. The calendar was aligned with the appearance of the star Sirius over the eastern horizon. From this observation, the period of the flooding of the Nile could be predicted. Simple mathematics were ... developed, helping to measure areas of land, volumes of products, as well as distances.
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Harder - Egypt was the longest-lived civilization in the ancient world. Their ancient culture along the Nile River in northeastern Africa began about 3,300 BC and thrived for over 3,000 years. Seasonal rains in the southern highlands inundated the Nile every year causing the river to overflow its banks. When the floodwaters receded, a layer of rich black topsoil covered the flood plain. This condition enabled the Egyptians to develop a successful farming economy.
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