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Alfred Binet: Children
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The French psychologist Alfred Binet was the first known psychologist to carry out an intelligence test. These were developed for children and threw light on various cognitive functions in skills such as counting, language and knowledge. Based on these tests, Binet was able to assess how the test subject's intelligence compared to that, say, of an eight-year-old. The test groups (sub-tests) consisted of items within a variety of areas, and subjects only passed the group if all the items in a group were solved.
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In 1905 in France, Dr. Alfred Binet and Dr. Theodore Simon developed an intelligence scale of 30 items that was intended to distinguish between school-aged children who were of subnormal and normal intelligence. There were three principles for use laid down by the tests' inventor, Alfred Binet. Rule 1: The scores do not define anything innate or permanent. Rule 2: The scale is a rough guide for identifying and helping learning-disabled children. Rule 3: Low scores don't mean a child is innately incapable.
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A French psychologist, Alfred Binet, developed a test to accurately predict academic success when the French government asked him to help them determine which children in the public schools would have difficulty with formal education. He, and his colleague, Theodore Simon, found that tests of practical knowledge, memory, reasoning, vocabulary, and problem solving were better predictors of school success than the sensory tests used by Galton. Subjects were asked to perform simple commands and gestures, repeat spoken numbers, name objects in pictures, define common words, tell how two objects are different, and define abstract terms. Similar items are used in today’s intelligence tests.
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In 1905, Binet and Theodore Simon created the first intelligence test to aid the French government in establishing a program to provide special education for mentally retarded children. In 1908 they revised the test, expanding it from a single scale of measurement to a battery of tests for children in different age groups, with the focus now shifted from identifying retardation to the general measurement of intelligence. A further test revision in 1911 introduced the concept of mental age. In 1916, the American psychologist Lewis Terman used the 1908 Binet-Simon scale as the basis for the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, the best-known and most researched intelligence test in the United States. Binet coauthored Les enfants anormaux (Abnormal Children) (1907) with Simon and published Les idees modernes sur les enfants (Modern Ideas on Children) in 1909. He died in Paris in 1911.
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In the period from 1905 to 1908 the French psychologists Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon devised a series of tests whereby the intellectual capacity of the subject is estimated by comparison with that of normal children and adolescents of various ages. The mental age divided by the chronological age gives the so-called IQ, or intelligence quotient. Their formula stated that children under nine whose development is retarded by two years are probably mentally deficient and that children of nine or more who are retarded by three years are definitely deficient.
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Binet's sophisticated comments written in 1911 on how to proceed with an examination of the child could easily be repeated word-for-word for early-twenty-first-century psychology students. He stressed the importance of the observation of children and their activities, and outlined with Simon the normal development of intelligence in children from three to twelve years of age in an article published in 1916 (b). These comments were the result of detailed presentation of many test items and careful observations of the responses of the subjects. This article ... contained a revision of the 1905 scale. Their monograph could also be read in the early twenty-first century by psychologists for its observational insights in the assessment of children's abilities. Binet and Simon's discussion of the different attitudes and motivations of school personnel concerning retarded children also remains relevant.
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