LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Ahmed Shah Massoud: Afghans
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Massoud is the third of six sons of a well-off Tajik army officer. He was raised in Kabul and attended the French Lycee Istiqlal secondary school. He studied at the Polytechnic college, where he ... met Rabbani. There he also met Hekmatyar, who was the most dominant figure in the Afghan student group. He along with other Afghan refugees were trained in a one-month course by the ISI in the Cherat army camp near Peshawar. Massoud was sent into Afghanistan in July of '75 with 30 other Afghans, resulting in half of his comrades being arrested or killed.
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Massoud may well go down in history as one of the world's most remarkable liberation strategists and fighters. Born in the summer of 1952, he began his career of struggle against the Soviet-backed Communist rule of Afghanistan from April 1978. He was the only leader of the U.S.-backed Afghan Islamic resistance forces, the mujahidin, who did not leave Afghanistan during almost a decade of Soviet occupation.
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The contest for Kabul ended on April 30, 1992, at least a phase of the struggle resolved in favor of Ahmed Shah Massoud. To bring order in the embattled city and establish a stable Afghan government, he moved into the capital late in the night with ten thousand troops. Richard Mackenzie, an American journalist who rode with the convoy, reported that it
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Massoud had the Afghan army equipped with newly acquired military uniforms and advanced after a few large offensive to the gates of Kabul. However, exactly at that time the new Prime Minister’s airplane crashed over Bamiyan. By Ghafoorzai‘s death, Massoud lost his hope for a stable government in Kabul.
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In 1982 Massoud signed a ceasefire agreement with the Soviets at their request, which resulted in two ceasefires of six months each. He created Shora-e-Nazar, a coalition of the regional commanders. Then, aided by Western intelligence experts, he began forming a network of spies that kept him aware of the activities of other Afghan commanders as well as Soviets in the region.
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Massoud sent a close adviser named Massoud Khalili to escort Gary Schroen into Kabul. To make room for cargo desperately needed in the land locked capital, Ariana Afghan had ripped most of the passenger seats out of their airplanes to stack the aisles with loose boxes and crates, none of them strapped down or secured. “It’s never crashed before,” Khalili assured Schroen.
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