LYCOS RETRIEVER 
African Americans: Ages
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When exploring outcomes and quality of care, it is important to note that African Americans tend to emphasize the "process" of care (Fongwa, 2001). Consistent with what is reported anecdotally, African Americans are at risk of underutilization of preventive services. In a large epidemiological study of cancer prevention services among men and women age 70 and over in the Piedmont area of North Carolina, the Black respondents reported significantly lower use of Pap testing, clinical breast examination, mammography, rectal examinations, and fecal occult blood testing. When levels of education, income, and insurance coverage were controlled for... the racial differences in cancer prevention services were no longer significant (Hegarty, Burchett, Gold, & Cohen, 2000). Increasing frequency of office or clinic visits can significantly impact prevention in this population and improve outcomes (Wright, Fortinsky, Covinsky, Anderson, & Landefeld, 2000).
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As of March of 1992, the U.S. Bureau of the Census estimated that 32.7 percent of African Americans lived below the poverty level (with family incomes of less than $14,000). It is this segment of the underclass that defines the term "families in crisis." They are besieged by poverty and further challenged by an array of cyclical social problems: high unemployment rates; the issue of teenage pregnancy; a preponderance of fatherless households; inadequate housing or homelessness; inferior health care against a backdrop of high health hazards; staggering school drop-out rates; and an alarming incarceration rate. (One out of four males between the ages of 18 to 24 was in prison in the early 1990s.) Experts predict that temporary assistance alone will not provide long-term solutions to these problems. Without resolutions, impoverished black families are in danger of falling further and further behind.
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Researchers suggest that African Americans and recent African immigrants to America have inherited a "thrifty gene" from their African ancestors. Years ago, this gene enabled Africans, during "feast and famine" cycles, to use food energy more efficiently when food was scarce. Today, with fewer "feast and famine" cycles, the thrifty gene that developed for survival may instead make weight control more difficult. This genetic predisposition, along with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), often occurs together with the genetic tendency toward high blood pressure.
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Currently, over 2 million African American households have incomes of $75,000. Packaged Facts estimates that the aggregate income of affluent black households — those bringing in $100,000 or more per year — has already reached $116 billion. Yet only 45% of adult Blacks in the United States had or used credit cards in the fall of 2006, accounting for just 7% of the total adult credit card user population, and the African American debit card use rate scored below the general population’s rate.
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The African-American population on a large tobacco plantation was made up of both skilled and agricultural workers. Richard Henry Lee wrote his brother William in 1770 concerning the slaves at Green Spring:
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Agriculture has always been the basis of African economics. Some rural African peoples worked primarily as sheep, cattle, and poultry raisers, and African artisans maintained a steady trade in clothing, baskets, pottery, and metalware, but farming was a way of life for most Africans. Land in such societies belonged to the entire community, not to individuals, and small communities interacted with each other on a regular basis. never a series of isolated self-sufficient communities," explained Franklin. Rather, tribes specialized in various economic endeavors, then traveled and traded their goods and crops with other tribes.
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