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African Americans: African-Americans
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During the war a total of nearly 187,000 African-Americans served in the Union army. Of those the greatest concentration of U.S. Colored Troops (USCT) was at Petersburg. In the initial assault upon the city on June 15, 1864 a division of USCTs in the XVIII Corps helped capture and secure a section of the Dimmock Line. The other division at Petersburg was with the IX Corps and it fought in the Battle of the Crater, July 30, 1864.
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The prevalence of LVH was significantly greater in African Americans compared to whites, regardless of how LVH was defined. As defined by body surface area, LVH prevalence was 14 percent in African-American women, 3.4 percent in white women, 14 percent in African-American men, and 6 percent in white men. LVH indexed to height revealed a prevalence of 47 percent in African-American women, 22 percent in white women, 25 percent in African-American men, and 8.7 percent in white men. Defined by fat-free mass, the prevalence of LVH was 7.7 percent in African-American women, 2.8 percent in white women, 8.2 percent for African-American men, and 4.5 percent for white men.
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The study of the names of enslaved African-Americans in the eighteenth century is complex and controversial. Traditionally, naming practices have been used as evidence of acculturation and assimilation. Acculturation is a borrowing between two diverse cultures which results in new and blended patterns. Assimilation means to become absorbed into a cultural tradition different from one's own and to accept its habits and attitudes.
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African-American leaders sought representation as observers at the peace conference and began discussing it before the war ended. Those most interested included the intellectual activist W. E. B. Du Bois, entrepreneur C. J. Walker, National Equal Rights League founder William Monroe Trotter, and activist Wells-Barnett. The Universal Negro Improvement Association, an international organization founded by Marcus Garvey, named delegates to the congress, including the labor leader A. Philip Randolph. Other interested organizations included the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the National Race Congress. The thinking was that if representatives of black organizations were denied admission to the proceedings or audiences with principals, they could use the Pan-African Congress and their proximity to the peace talks to bring their issues to public attention.
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A strong African influence pervades music, dance, the arts, literature, speech forms, and religious practices in Latin America and the Caribbean. Africans, whether as slaves or free immigrants, brought a variety of African cultural influences to the New World. They came from too many places in Africa and were too scattered throughout the Americas to reestablish all the conditions of their homelands, but wherever possible, they did their best to reconcile reality with their beliefs. Like all other immigrant groups, they abandoned some aspects of their culture, modified others, and created new forms. This adaptation to local American conditions is called creolization. The number of Africans, their proportion in local society, and the length of time they spent in any one place were crucial in the development of an African-American culture.
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Many African-American authors have written stories, poems, and essays influenced by their experiences as African Americans. African American literature is a major genre in American literature. Famous examples include Langston Hughes, James Baldwin, Richard Wright, Zora Neale Hurston, Ralph Ellison, Nobel Prize winner Toni Morrison, and Maya Angelou.
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