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Afghanistan: Countrys
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Since most of the country of Afghanistan is covered with mountains, it is extremely difficult to build a network based on fiber optics and terrestrial links. Most operators in the country prefer to roll out faster, using satellite links to remote locations. VSAT customers suffer from poor voice quality calls over the satellite link. Since the satellite link has a limited capacity, congestion is a common problem in these areas. Satellite calls have an inherent delay. The customer is quickly realizing the high quality of calls that a GSM network deployed over Microwave can offer and the immense growth of Afghan Wireless user base is true evidence of this.
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Afghanistan was created as a nation in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani, with its capital at Kandahar. The country has a long history of warfare, mostly against invaders such as Alexander of Macedon, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, Persians, and the British. Its recent history is no exception.
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In great-power relations, Afghanistan was neutral until the late 1970s, receiving aid from both the United States and the Soviet Union. In the early 1970s the country was beset by serious economic problems, particularly a severe long-term drought in the center and north. Maintaining that King Muhammad Zahir Shah had mishandled the economic crisis and in addition was stifling political reform, a group of young military officers deposed (July, 1973) the king and proclaimed a republic. Lt. Gen. Sardar Muhammad Daud Khan, the king's cousin, became president and prime minister. In 1978, Daud was deposed by a group led by Noor Mohammed Taraki, who instituted Marxist reforms and aligned the country more closely with the Soviet Union. In Sept., 1979, Taraki was killed and Hafizullah Amin took power.
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After 20 years of war and civil unrest, Afghanistan is finally seizing the chance to start a recovery process. Telecommunications will certainly play a big role in repairing the country’s shattered economy and society. This report looks at the rebuilding of telecoms infrastructure and the steps taken to provide a properly functioning basic network with national coverage. The extraordinary recent growth in mobile subscribers is of particular note, as the country works to restore some normality. Obtaining accurate, up-to-date statistics for this market continues to be difficult. A major update took place in March 2006 with new statistics, but in some areas only 2003 official figures were available.
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In December 2001, representatives from all ethnic groups of Afghanistan met in Germany and agreed to form a new democratic government with Hamid Karzai as Chairman of the Afghan Interim Authority. Following a nationwide election in 2004, Hamid Karzai was elected as President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. A year later, in 2005, legislative elections were held and the country's parliament began functioning again. In addition to occasionally violent political jockeying and ongoing military action to root out anti-government elements, the country suffers from poverty, corruption, and widespread opium cultivation.
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Many of Afghanistan’s major rivers are fed by mountain streams. Most rivers in the country become only trickles during the long dry season and have large flows of water only in the spring, when the winter snow in the mountains melts rapidly. Most of the rivers end in lakes, swamps, or salt flats. The Kābul River is an exception, flowing east into Pakistan to join the Indus River, which empties into the Indian Ocean. The country’s only navigable river is the Amu Darya, on the northern border, although ferry boats can cross the deeper areas of other rivers. The Amu Darya receives water from two main tributaries, the Panj and the Vakhsh, which rise in the Pamirs.
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