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Adolf Hitler: Upper Austria
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It was during his years in Vienna that Hitler began developing into an active anti-Semite. Viennese, at the time, often scorned Jewish people. Moreover, Anti-Semitism was deeply ingrained in the Austrian Catholic culture in which Hitler was raised. Vienna had a large Jewish community, including many Orthodox Jews from Eastern Europe. He became influenced by publicists such as Lanz von Liebenfels and politicians such as Karl Lueger, the Mayor of Vienna, or Georg Ritter von Sch�nerer. From them Hitler acquired the belief in the superiority of the "Aryan race" which formed the basis of his political views.
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In May 1913, Hitler, seeking to avoid military service, left Vienna for Munich, the capital of Bavaria, following a windfall received from an aunt who was dying. In January, the police came to his door bearing a draft notice from the Austrian government. The document threatened a year in prison and a fine if he was found guilty of leaving his native land with the intent of evading conscription. Hitler was arrested on the spot and taken to the Austrian Consulate. Upon reporting to Salzburg for duty, he was found "unfit...too weak...and unable to bear arms."
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On March 16, after a hurried tour of Bohemia and Moravia, Hitler rode into swastika- bedecked Vienna. Behind him, at Prague and in other Czechoslovak cities, stayed the Gestapo. Another wave of arrests, estimated at several thousand, followed. Many suicides of Jews and liberals were reported. The occurrences were a repetition of what happened with the annexation of Austria and the occupation of the Sudeten country. On March 18 Hitler named the "Reich Protector" for Bohemia and Moravia.
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Hitler lived in Vienna for several years, working at odd jobs and absorbing the ideas of Austrian right-wing extremists. In 1913, he left Vienna and moved to Munich in southern Germany. He took with him the basic political ideas to which he would remain committed for the balance of his life. Central to Hitler's thought were his notions of race. He believed in the racial superiority of the Germanic peoples (the Aryan race) and in the inferiority of other races, especially Jews but ... Slavs and blacks. Hitler also advocated the Pan-German ideology that was popular among many Austrian extremists.
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In 1913, Hitler moved to Munich in the hope both of evading Austrian military service and of finding a better life in the Germany he admired so much. Opportunities for making a living... were even fewer in Munich than in Vienna, which partly explains his relief and enthusiasm at the outbreak of World War I. Hitler served throughout the war as a volunteer in a Bavarian infantry regiment, operating mostly in the front line as a headquarters runner. He was wounded in the leg in 1916 and gassed in 1918. Significantly enough, he was never promoted to a leadership position, but he was awarded unusually high decorations for bravery in action. The war had a profound influence on him. It provided him, finally, with a purpose that filled the void in his life.
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Hitler grew up on the Austrian-Bavarian border, the fourth son of an irascible, authoritarian customs official. As a child, the future German Führer was lazy and temperamental. Years later, one of his school teachers would remember him as lacking in "self-discipline, being notoriously cantankerous, wilful, arrogant and bad-tempered." As a young man Hitler moved to Vienna in the hopes of becoming an artist, but he wasn't accepted into the city's academy of art and spent several years peddling postcards and living off a small inheritance. In his autobiography, "Mein Kampf," Hitler traced his anti-Semitism to his years in Vienna. For Hitler, Jews came to represent everything he despised and feared.
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