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Adenosine Triphosphate
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Adenosine Triphosphate (pronounced A-den-o-seen Try-foss-fate) or ATP represents the universal energy molecule. In a very real sense ATP is the power behind life. ATP is a nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose, and a phosphate unit. It is the principal carrier of energy for all forms of life. ATP is estimated to provide 95% for all cellular energy throughout the body.
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Adenosine Triphosphate consists of adenine (an organic base) and ribose (a pentose sugar) together with three phosphate groups. ATP is therefore a small, water-soluble nucleotide which can be easily transported around the cell.
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Adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP), or thiaminylated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a natural thiamine adenine nucleotide. It was discovered in Escherichia coli where it may account for up to 15 - 20 % of total thiamine under carbon starvation. AThTP exists ... though at much lower levels, in eukaryotic organisms such as yeast, roots of higher plants and animal tissues. In E. coli AThTP is synthesized from thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) according the reaction ThDP + ATP (ADP) ↔ AThDP + PPi (Pi) by an thiamine diphosphate adenylyl transferase.
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Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was discovered in 1929 by the German chemist Karl Lohmann. Its chemical structure consists of an adenosine nucleotide structure to which three phosphoryl groups are sequentially attached via cleavable bonds.
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Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside formed in the body by the enzymatic breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Adenosine is not a typical hormone or neurotransmitter, but is an important neuromodulator in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Adenosine is released from inflamed (infected) tissues or ischemic tissues where there is a decreased blood supply to a particular body organ or part.
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The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels in mediating the coronary hyperemic response after crystalloid cardioplegia. Thirteen pigs were placed on normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass support. Hearts were arrested with cold (4° C) crystalloid ([K+] 25 mmol/L) cardioplegic solution for 60 minutes. In seven of these pigs, hearts were then reperfused for 60 minutes with warm blood, and the animal was separated from cardiopulmonary bypass. The in vivo responses to the intracoronary administration of the K+adenosine triphosphate channel blocker glibenclamide (50 gm/kg per minute) or the K+adenosine triphosphate channel opener pinacidil (2 gm/kg per minute) were evaluated before cardiopulmonary bypass (baseline) and after 2 minutes and 60 minutes of reperfusion in the cardioplegia-reperfusion group. Under baseline conditions, glibenclamide and pinacidil induced a respective decrease and increase in coronary blood flow and an increase and a decrease in coronary vascular resistance.
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Adenosine Triphosphate