LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Addiction: Alcohol
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Most family, twin, and adoption studies have shown that addiction to alcohol has significant heritability. For example, there is an increased risk for alcoholism in the relatives of alcoholics. Depending on the study, the risk of alcoholism in siblings of alcoholics is between 1.5 and 4 times the risk for the general population. The identical twins of alcoholics (who share 100 percent of their genes) are more likely to be alcoholics than the fraternal twins of alcoholics (who share only about 50 percent). Adoption study data suggest that the risk for developing alcoholism for adopted children is influenced more by whether their biological parents were alcoholics than whether their adopted parents are alcoholics, suggesting that genes contribute to alcoholism more than environment. Similar but less extensive data has been collected for nicotine addiction.
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"Dr. Drew is a well-respected medical figure and has been at the forefront of addiction research and prevention," said Steve Pasierb, president & CEO of the Partnership. "We are thrilled to have Dr. Drew with his unique perspective join the Partnership for a Drug-Free America in supporting TimeToTalk via Yahoo! Answers. Not only is Dr. Drew acutely aware of the medical risks of drug and alcohol use, but as a father of three teenagers, he has first-hand knowledge of the 'drug talk' and the importance of providing parents with tips and tools to have ongoing conversations."
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The only genes that have been conclusively shown to affect susceptibility to addiction in humans are genes that encode proteins responsible for the metabolism of alcohol. In the body, ethanol ("drinking" alchohol) is oxidized by enzymes to acetaldehyde and then to acetate. Certain alleles of aldehyde dehydrogenase genes that are common in some populations, such as Asians, lead to increased levels of acetaldehyde when alcohol is consumed. Acetaldehyde causes an unpleasant flushing reaction that leads to a voluntary reduction of alcohol consumption. The systematic search for other genes that affect susceptibility to alcohol and nicotine addiction in humans has lead to the identification of chromosome loci that may contain genes that affect susceptibility to addiction, but has not lead to the identification of any specific genes.
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The effects of the Ultram will be multiplied and even a modest amount of abuse can result in debilitating addiction. Ultram should be used exactly as prescribed by your physician. If you are afraid that you are abusing Ultram, mixing ultram with any other drug or alcohol or are concerned that you have been misprescribed you should call 1-866-494-0866 immediately and seek help.
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