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Abbasid Caliphate: Abbasid Caliphs
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The tenth Imam was a contemporary of seven of the Abbasid caliphs: Ma'mun, Mu'tasim, Wathiq, Mutawakkil, Muntasir, Musta'm and Mu'tazz. It was during the rule of Mu'tasim in 220/835 that his noble father died through poisoning in Baghdad. At that time Ali ibn Muhammad Naqi was in Medina. There he became the Imam through Divine Command and the decree of the Imams before him. He stayed in Medina teaching religious sciences until the time of Mutawakkil. In 243/857, as a result of certain false charges, Mutawakkil ordered one of his government officials to invite the Imam from Medina to Samarrah which was then the capital.
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The second Abbasid caliphate or epoch is well defined numismatically. It begins with a general coinage reform by the caliph al-Ma'mun, completed by his successor al-Mu`tasim with one final touch early in his reign in 834; and it ends with the Buyid takeover of power in Baghdad in 946. During this period the Abbasid caliphate had a general uniform coinage system that underwent no major change, despite all the vicissitudes the caliphs themselves suffered. In most respects, the system continued well into the Buyid period and after. This was the era when the classical Islamic coinage system was established.
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Astronomy, in the real sense, started among the Arabs during the early period of the Abbasid Caliphate. It was much influenced by Sid hanta, a work in Sanskrit brought from India to Baghdad and translated into Arabic by Ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari and later on by Abu Musa Khwarizmi. Pahlavi tables (zij) compiled during the Sasanid period and Greek astronomical works translated during this period prepared the ground for Arabian astronomy. Ptolemy's Al-magest went into several translations in Arabic--the best being the one by Hajjaj Ibn Mater (827-28) and another by Humayun Ibn Ishaq, revised by Thabit bin Qurra (d/901).
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The Abbasids was a dynasty of caliphs who ruled the caliphate of Islam from 750 until 1258. All of these caliphs were descended from Abbas, a member of the tribe of Quraysh of Mecca who was an uncle of the prophet Muhammad. The Abbasids seized the caliphate following the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs, and held it until the Mongols sacked Baghdâd and killed the last caliph of the line. For most of this time their court was in Baghdâd, a town founded at the command of the second Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur (754-775) in 762.
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The privileged position which the school enjoyed under the 'Abbasid caliphate was lost with the decline of the 'Abbasid caliphate. However, the rise of the Ottoman empire led to the revival of Hanafi fortunes. Under the Ottomans the judgement-seats were occupied by Hanafites sent from Istanbul, even in countries where the population followed another madhhab. Consequently, the Hanafi madhhab became the only authoritative code of law in the public life and official administration of justice in all the provinces of the Ottoman empire. Even today the Hanafi code prevails in the former Ottoman countries. It is ... dominant in Central Asia and India.
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This simulation is designed to help students understand the origins of Shari’ah, or Islamic law, and the kind of legal thinking and scholarship that went into formulating it during the Abbasid caliphate (749-1258 C.E.). In the simulation students play the roles of judges, claimants, and defendants. After hearing a case presented to them, the qadis (judges) must pass judgment on it by consulting a variety of Islamic sources.
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Abbasid Caliphs