LYCOS RETRIEVER 
1943: Allies
built 169 days ago
Founded in 1943, ASCD, an international, non-profit association, is one of the largest professional development organizations for educator leaders. It provides world-class education information services, offers cutting-edge professional development for effective teaching and learning, and supports activities to provide educational equity for all students. ASCD's 165,000 members reside in more than 140 countries and include principals, teachers, superintendents, professors of education, and other educators.
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Founded in 1943, AeA is the largest association of high-tech companies in the United States with about 2,500 member companies, representing all segments of the industry and 1.8 million employees. AeA's Midwest Council serves member companies in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin.
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Not the “beginning of the end, but the end of the beginning,” 1943 is the turning point of the war as the Axis begins to lose everywhere. The Soviets smash the Sixth Army in Stalingrad, killing or capturing 600,000 men. The Allied Navies destroy U-boats and build ships faster than the Germans can do anything about it. The Germans are driven out of North Africa. The Allies land in Sicily and cause Mussolini to be expelled from the government. Subsequent landings would prove more difficult. Landings in France are planned and the biggest tank battle of the war is fought outside a Russian town called Kursk.
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Just days before the German surrender at Stalingrad on January 31, 1943, President Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met for a high-level conference in the Moroccan city of Casablanca, recently captured in Operation Torch. There they discussed the future direction of the war. They gave the European Theater priority, but they would not commit to an invasion of Northern Europe until the Atlantic could be made safe for the mass transport of men and supplies. While the naval struggle continued, they agreed, the two Western states would capitalize on success in North Africa by continuing a Mediterranean strategy against Benito Mussolini's Italy. They would ... maintain a relentless bombing campaign against the European Axis states to ease the pressure on the Red Army. This Combined Bomber Offensive was the Allies' substitute for a second front, which was deemed too risky in 1943.
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By the middle of 1943 approximately 90,000 British and Allied soldiers were incarcerated in POW camps throughout Italy. When the Allies invaded the south of Italy, members of the Italian underground took this opportunity to arrest the fascist dictator, Mussolini (Italy's King Victor Emmanuel had dismissed Mussolini on July 25, 1943) whom they found living at the Hotel Albergo-Rifugio on the Gran Sasso mountain.
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In 1943, the Americans began to deploy the results of their crash building program. The Japanese could not match the output of the huge naval shipbuilding program; they were being deprived of steel, oil, and other resources. MacArthur continued to move up the back of New Guinea. The Allies landed in the Aleutians. The initiative had passed to the Allies, and they would never lose it. By November 1943, heavy fighting began on islands in the Central Pacific. The first stop, Tarawa, would be a bloody lesson in how to conduct amphibious warfare.
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